|
Abridge
|
|
Bridge linking
passenger terminal or pier to aircraft door.
|
|
Accident (ICAO)
|
|
An incident
associated with the operation of an aircraft in which
the aircraft sustains damage or structural failure which
adversely affects the structural strength, performance
or flight characteristics of the aircraft and would
normally require major repair or replacement of the a
affected component. This does not include engine failure
or damage, its cowlings or accessories, damage limited
to propellers, wing tips, antennas, tires, brakes,
fairings, small ducts or punctures in the aircraft skin.
It also occurs when an aircraft is missing or completely
inaccessible.
|
|
ACI - Airport Council International
|
|
Geneva-based
international body representing the interests of some
1,200-member airports.
|
|
ACMI
|
|
Aircraft, Crew,
Maintenance and Insurance. A type of lease normally, but
not always, between two airlines, where the leaser
provides the aircraft, one or more complete crews
including their salaries, all maintenance for the
aircraft, and hull insurance for the aircraft itself.
Sometimes he will provide third-party liability cover.
ACMI charges will be by the hour, but with a minimum
number of hours per month guaranteed.
|
|
ACMI Lease
|
|
See Lease, ACMI.
|
|
ACMI wet rate
|
|
Charge, normally in
US$ per block hour, for an ACMI lease.
|
|
Ad hoc cargo charter
|
|
A non-scheduled
non-common carrier cargo service hired to move a
shipment. See Scheduled freight service.
|
|
Ad hoc carrier
|
|
Cargo carrier
offering aircraft for ad hoc charters.
|
|
Ad hoc charter
|
|
See Charter, Ad hoc.
|
|
ADS-B
|
|
Automatic Dependent
Surveillance Broadcast, a navigation and
collision-avoidance system.
|
|
AF
|
|
All-Freight.
|
|
Aircraft certificate
|
|
A certificate issued
by a relevant aviation authority in relation to a
particular aircraft used to indicate compliance with the
appropriate requirements concerning aircraft type,
airworthiness, etc.
|
|
Air Cargo
|
|
Any property carried
on an aircraft other than stores, COMAT and baggage.
This includes freight, mail or express items. Also known
as aircargo and airfreight.
|
|
Aircraft, combi
|
|
An aircraft intended
for the movement of passengers and cargo sharing
main-deck accommodation during the flight.
|
|
Aircraft, freighter
|
|
An aircraft, either
constructed, permanently converted or temporarily
converted from passenger service, which is carrying or
capable of carrying goods or property with no passenger
complement.
|
|
Aircraft, green
|
|
Aircraft flyable but
unpainted, unfurnished and basically equipped.
|
|
Aircraft hangar
|
|
Building constructed
or converted to allow the maintenance or storage of
aircraft.
|
|
Aircraft movements per hour
|
|
This is the amount of
traffic that the Air Traffic Control, runways and
taxiways can support in any given hour.
|
|
Aircraft On Ground (AOG)
|
|
A situation in which
mechanical failure prevents an aircraft from moving or
taking off. This is not normally at its regular
maintenance base.
|
|
Aircraft pallet
|
|
A platform of
standard dimensions on which goods are assembled and
secured before being loaded as a complete unit on to an
aircraft.
|
|
Aircraft, passenger
|
|
An aircraft intended
primarily for the movement of passengers. Any cargo will
be secured in lower deck holds.
|
|
Aircraft prepared for service
|
|
Fully equipped and
serviced aircraft without useable fuel and payload.
|
|
Aircraft range
|
|
See Range.
|
|
Aircraft stand
|
|
A designated area on
an apron intended to be used for aircraft parking. |
|
Aircraft tow tractor
|
|
Vehicle used maneuver
aircraft on ground by towing and pushing when the
aircraft is not powering movement with its own engines.
|
|
Aircraft towbarless tractor
|
|
Aircraft tow tractor,
which does not utilize a tow bar.
|
|
Aircraft weights
|
|
A series of weights,
taken with or without various loads, of an aircraft
during various stages of its operation. See AUW, MLW,
MRW, MTOW, MZFW, OEW, Ramp Weight.
|
|
Airframe
|
|
An aircraft's
structure without power plants or aircraft systems.
|
|
Airlift
|
|
The carriage of
personnel or supplies by air.
|
|
Airline
|
|
A private or state
company operating owned or hired aircraft for paying
passengers or cargo on a scheduled or charter basis.
|
|
Airplane drain plugs
|
|
White or brown
fittings located in the lower fuselage skin to drain
fluid from the aircraft's bilges.
|
|
Airport
|
|
An area of land that
is used, or intended to be used, for the landing and
take-off aircraft including associated buildings and
infrastructure. See Terminal.
|
|
Airport, all cargo
|
|
An airport solely for
the use of scheduled or ad hoc cargo aircraft
operations. Can be a common carrier airport or
non-common for the use of one company.
|
|
Airport, alternate
|
|
An airport at which
an aircraft may land if a landing at the intended
airport becomes inadvisable. If an aircraft must turn
around in flight, this may be the original departure
airport.
|
|
Airport approach lights
|
|
Lights indicating the
desired approach to a runway, usually of sodium or high
intensity type, laid in a precise pattern of a lead-in
line with crossbars at set distances from the runway
threshold. Types of approach lighting systems are:
I) Approach lighting system with sequenced flashing
lights
II) PAPI-Precision Approach Path indicator system
III) Runway alignment indicator lights
IV) Sequenced flashing lead-in lights
|
|
Airport capacity
|
|
Capacity is measured
from the combined results of the performance of two or
more of the following measures-terminal, apron and
aircraft movements.
|
|
Airport, charter
|
|
An airport
predominantly used for charter flight services with
little, if any, scheduled services.
|
|
Airport charges
|
|
Charges levied by
airport owners or operators to airlines for landing an
aircraft. These charges can include landing fees,
take-off fees, airside charges and landside charges.
These are the traditional sources of revenue for
airports. However, within the last 20 years, rental
revenues from airport concessions and tenants have
almost become as important a source of revenue.
|
|
Airport, domestic
|
|
An airport solely for
the use of aircraft arriving from, or departing to,
another airport in the same country.
|
|
Airport elevation
|
|
Highest point of an
airport's usable runways, measured in feet from mean sea
level. See Touch down zone elevation.
|
|
Airport, free
|
|
An international
airport at which, provided they remain within a
designated area until removal by air to a point outside
the territory of the country, crew, passenger, baggage,
cargo, mail and stores may be disembarked or unloaded,
may remain and may be trans-shipped, without being
subject to any Customs charges or dues or, except in
special circumstances, be searched. See Bonded Stores,
Free Trade Zone.
|
|
Airport, gateway
|
|
An airport serving
the role of being the airport that passengers and cargo
use to first enter a country.
|
|
Airport, international
|
|
An airport designated
by the contracting country in whose territory it is
situated as an airport of entry and departure for
international transport, where formalities required by
Customs, immigration, public health, animal and plant
quarantine etc are carried out.
|
|
Airport markers
|
|
Partly-colored board
defining on airfields;
I) Boundary markers-limits of landing areas
II) Taxi-channel markers-limits of taxi tracks. See
Taxiway lighting
III) Obstruction markers-limits of ground hazards
IV) Runway visual markers – situated at equal distance
by which visibility is gauged in bad weather.
|
|
Airport meteorological minima
|
|
The minimum cloud
base and visibility in which landings and take-off at an
airport are permitted.
|
|
Airport operator
|
|
A private company or
government, regional or local authority department in
charge of an airport operation.
|
|
Airport owner
|
|
A private company or
government, regional or local authority department that
owns an airport.
|
|
Airport scheduling
|
|
Co-ordination of
arrivals and departures of planned flight operations at
a given airport or group of airports.
|
|
Airport surface detection equipment
|
|
Radar equipment
designed to detect all principal features on the surface
of an airport, including aircraft and vehicles.
|
|
Airside
|
|
The movement area of
an airport, adjacent terrain, buildings or apron area,
access to which is regulated and controlled. Normally
restricted to airport personnel, aircraft crew and
departing and transiting passengers. See Landside.
|
|
Air stairs
|
|
A short stairway
built into or added to an aircraft, for use in
embarkation or disembarkation. Folded up as part of a
door or folded on board after use.
|
|
Airstrip
|
|
Unidirectional
landing area, usually of grass or of a makeshift nature.
|
|
Airwaybill
|
|
A document made out
by shipper as evidence of the contract between shipper
and carrier. Not a deed of title to the consignment.
Sometimes Air Waybill.
|
|
Airworthy
|
|
Describes an aircraft
which meets all relevant statutory requirements of the
registering country and any other required to give
authority to its operation. See certificate of
Airworthiness.
|
|
All-cargo airport
|
|
An airport solely for
the use of scheduled or ad hoc cargo aircraft
operations. Can be a common carrier airport or solely
for the use of one company.
|
|
Alternate airport
|
|
See Airport,
alternate.
|
|
Approach lights
|
|
See approach lights.
|
|
Apron
|
|
A defined area on an
airport intended to accommodate aircraft for the purpose
of loading or unloading passengers or cargo, re-fueling,
parking or maintenance.
|
|
Apron bus
|
|
Airside bus
especially utilized to move passengers and crew from
airport building to/from aircraft. See Shuttle bus.
|
|
Apron capacity
|
|
The number of
aircraft handled per hour, which depends on the number
of parking stands and the capacity of ground handling
agencies to service the aircraft.
|
|
Apron taxiway
|
|
Portion of a taxiway
system located on an apron and intended to provide a
through taxi route across an apron. See Taxiway.
|
|
ATC-Air Traffic Control
|
|
A service operated by
an appropriate authority to promote the safe, orderly
and expeditious flow of air traffic.
|
|
AUW-All up Weight
|
|
Total weight of
aircraft under defined conditions or at a specific time
during flight. Not to be confused with MTOW.
|
|
Auxiliary power unit
|
|
Item carried on an
aircraft for tasks such as main engine starting, ground
air-conditioning etc.
|
 |
|
|
|
Back track
|
|
Taxiing along a runway in the opposite direction to
take-off and landing.
|
|
Baggage
|
|
Personal property
belonging to passengers or crew carried on an aircraft
in connection with a journey. Can be checked or
unchecked baggage. Also known as luggage.
|
|
Baggage carousel
|
|
Equipment used in
passenger terminal to bring passengers' baggage for
collection from apron.
|
|
Baggage cart
|
|
A towed vehicle used for ramp transport of baggage.
|
|
Baggage, mishandled
|
|
Baggage involuntarily
or inadvertently separated from passengers and crew.
|
|
Bare Hull Charter
|
|
Another name for a
dry lease. See lease, dry.
|
|
Base
|
|
Bottom of container
or pallet, which comes into contact with the floor.
|
|
Basic operating weight
|
|
MTOW minus payload.
|
|
Belt loader
|
|
Equipment using a
belt to load bulk freight, baggage and mail into the
aircraft. Can be self-propelled or trailer-mounted.
|
|
Bilges
|
|
Tanks in an aircraft
designed to trap non-cargo liquids such as condensation
in flight and on the ground. Emptied by means of
airplane drain plugs.
|
|
Birdstrike
|
|
Collision between an
aircraft and birds.
|
|
Birdstrike precautions
|
|
Measures taken at an
airport to avoid bird strikes.
|
|
Blast fence
|
|
A physical barrier
used to direct or dissipate jet or propeller blast at an
airport.
|
|
Block hour
|
|
Chargeable hour for
which an aircraft is leased to a lessee during a wet
lease (sixty minutes of block time).
|
|
Block time
|
|
Time elapsed from the
moment an aircraft starts to leave its loading point to
the moment it comes to rest at its destination. Also
known as block-to-block, chock-to-chock.
|
|
Boarding
|
|
Crew and passengers
entering an aircraft prior to flight.
|
|
Boarding Card
|
|
Card issued at
check-in giving authority to board.
|
|
Boarding gate
|
|
See Gate.
|
|
Bonded fuel
|
|
Aviation fuel
imported into a country for use only in international
services on which no tax is paid.
|
|
Bonded stores
|
|
Warehousing under the
direct or indirect control of Customs authorities where
dutiable goods are stored prior to export after
transshipment or entry into the country, upon which the
duty will be paid.
|
|
Border controls
|
|
Checks made on
passengers and cargo attempting to enter a country.
Normally include visa examination, passport control and
immigration formalities for passengers and import and
export licenses for air cargo.
|
|
Boundary lights
|
|
Lights defining the
boundary of the landing area. Can also mean the lights
marking the perimeter of the airport's land area.
|
|
Braking action
|
|
A report on
conditions on the airport movement area providing a
pilot with a degree/quality of braking expected: braking
action is reported in terms of good, medium, fair, poor
or nil.
|
|
Broker
|
|
An individual or
company who, for a fee, locates and arranges the hire of
a cargo aircraft, with or without crew, for a client.
|
|
Bulk cargo
|
|
All cargo not packed
in containers or on a pallet.
|
|
Bulk loader
|
|
Self-drive belt
conveyor vehicle for loading bulk cargo into an
aircraft.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cabin crew
|
|
See Crew, cabin.
|
|
Cabotage
|
|
The right, rarely
given, to a foreign air carrier to move passengers, mail
or cargo within the territory of a country between
domestic locations .See liberalization.
|
|
Capacity
|
|
General term given to
cargo space and available lift from a given aircraft.
|
|
Cargo
|
|
See Air Cargo.
|
|
Cargo conversion
|
|
Passenger or other
non-cargo aircraft permanently converted to carry cargo.
|
|
Cargo dock
|
|
Loading bay of a
cargo terminal.
|
|
Cargo door
|
|
Door in aircraft
designed to take freight, vehicles or containers.
|
|
Cargo door, nose
|
|
Cargo door in nose of
aircraft hinged to swing upwards or to one side, to
allow easier access to general cargo or access for cargo
too large to pass through side cargo door.
|
|
Cargo door, rear
|
|
Cargo door in rear of
aircraft often hinged to become ramp for access. Some
aircraft types open at the rear by swinging the tail
housing to one side.
|
|
Cargo door, side
|
|
Cargo door in
portside of aircraft (generally).
|
|
Cargo ground handling
|
|
Function of moving
cargo from terminal to aircraft side and vice versa and
at all times the cargo is on the airport's premises. Can
be performed by the air carrier second-party airline
providing such services, the airport authority or an
independent ground handling company.
|
|
Cargo hold
|
|
General term for the
area of an aircraft where cargo is stowed for a journey.
Can be entire inside space on a freighter that space not
used by passengers on a Combi, or lower deck area in a
passenger aircraft.
|
|
Cargo insurance
|
|
See insurance.
|
|
Cargo loader
|
|
Mobile equipment with
elevating platforms and powered rollers for loading and
unloading ULDs on aircraft.
|
|
Cargo ramp
|
|
Airside area upon
which freighter aircraft are parked for loading or
unloading of cargo.
|
|
Cargo Village
|
|
Term sometimes used
to group air cargo operations at an airport, especially
newly constructed warehousing developments.
|
|
Carnet
|
|
Customs document
allowing the temporary importation of goods without
duty, conditional on the goods being re-exported in the
same state as when they entered the country. These goods
cannot be altered, used in manufacture, or disposed of
without the duty being paid ad if they had been imported
normally.
|
|
Certificate of Airworthiness
|
|
Certificate that an
individual aircraft meets all relevant legal and safety
standards.
|
|
CF
|
|
Convertible
Freighter.
|
|
Chapter III
|
|
FAA regulations
producing stringent limits on aircraft noise and
emission. Failure to comply with the standards will
prevent an aircraft landing at an airport where the
regulations are in force.
|
|
Charter, ad hoc
|
|
A non-scheduled
non-common carrier cargo service hired to move a single
shipment. See scheduled freight service.
|
|
Charter airport
|
|
See Airport, charter.
|
|
Charter passenger
|
|
See passenger
charter.
|
|
Charter service
|
|
See Ad hoc cargo
charter, passenger charter, scheduled freight service,
passenger, scheduled service.
|
|
Charter, split
|
|
Where an intermediary
such as a freight forwarder charters an aircraft and
re-sells capacity to third parties.
|
|
Check-in
|
|
Airline function
where intending travelers present tickets for seat
reservations and obtain boarding authority.
|
|
Cockpit
|
|
A compartment to
accommodate pilots and other crewmembers. Now known as a
flight deck.
|
|
COMAT-Company owned material
|
|
An airline's own
property such as spare-parts, station supplies, ticket
stock, etc, carried in the airline's own aircraft.
|
|
Consignment
|
|
One or more pieces of
cargo accepted by a carrier at one time and one time and
one address, moving as one lot under an AWB to one
destination.
|
|
Crew, cabin
|
|
Personnel required to
attend to the needs of passengers on a flight. Also
known as flight attendants.
|
|
Crew, flight
|
|
Personnel required
for the immediate safe handling in flight of an
aircraft.
|
|
Crew, ground
|
|
Personnel required
for the handling of an airport on the ground.
|
|
Cross wind component
|
|
Surface wind
component at right angles to runway centerline.
|
|
Cube utilization
|
|
Maximum use of
available space in an aircraft.
|
|
Customs
|
|
A government
organization fulfilling four main functions:
i) Levying and collecting taxes, duties and charges
against imported and exported items with no duty-free
allowance;
ii) Levying and collecting taxes, duties and charges against imported
and exported items exceeding a duty-free allowance;
iii) Preventing the importation of banned, prohibited
and illegal material in air cargo shipments and
passengers' luggage;
iv) Collection and collating of statistical
information from point of exit or entry.
|
|
Cwt
|
|
Weight equal to
112lbs or 50.80kgs; (US) Weight equal to 100lbs or
45.36kgs.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dangerous goods
|
|
Articles or
substances, which are capable of posing a significant
risk to health, safety or property. Significant and
strict local, national and international laws and
regulatory rules govern the handling, storage and
movement of such substances to and at airports.
|
|
Dangerous goods accident
|
|
An occurrence
associated with and related to the transport of
dangerous goods by air, which results in fatal or
serious injury to person or major property damage.
|
|
Dangerous goods classes
|
|
Nine international
classes, which highlight the categories of different
types of articles:
Class1-Explosives
Class2-Gases
2.1 Flammable gases
2.2 Non-Flammable gases
2.3 Toxic gases
Class3-Flammable liquids
Class4-Flammable solids
4.1 Flammable solids
4.2 Spontaneously combustible substances
4.3 Water reactive substances
Class5-Oxidizing substances
5.1 Oxidizing substances
5.2 Organic peroxides
Class6- Toxic substances
6.1 Poisonous substances
6.2 Infectious substances
Class7-Radioactive materials
Class8-Corrosives
Class9-Miscellaneous material, including that which
can only be flown on a cargo aircraft.
|
|
Deck, lower
|
|
Term for cargo hold
under the main deck.
|
|
Deck, main
|
|
Main floor of
aircraft forming base of upper hold in freighter
aircraft or where passengers and cargo are placed in a
Combi.
|
|
De-icing
|
|
Removal of ice
accretion on an aircraft at an airport – can be done by
use of fluids, heating systems and expanding rubber
membranes.
|
|
Demurrage
|
|
Charge for storage in
an airline warehouse or other warehouse, which accrues
after a given time, for consignments not collected. Also
applies to delay caused to an aircraft (eg by
charterer).
|
|
Departure lounge
|
|
See Passenger
departure lounge.
|
|
Departure procedure
|
|
ATC procedures
established for an aircraft departing from an airport.
|
|
Departure time
|
|
Exact time at which
an aircraft becomes airborne, an important factor in air
traffic control. Can also be time when an aircraft moves
away from the terminal at the commencement of taxiing
prior to take-off. Colloquially known as 'off chocks'.
|
|
De-regulation
|
|
Removal of domestic
laws, which liberalizes the business environment
concerning airports and airline operations. Associated
with activities in the United States in the 1980s. See
Privatization.
|
|
Disembarkation
|
|
The leaving of an
aircraft after a landing, except by crew or passengers
continuing on the next stage of the same through flight.
See embarkation.
|
|
Diversion
|
|
Act of proceeding to
an airport other than one at which landing was intended.
|
|
Domestic airport
|
|
See Airport,
domestic.
|
|
Doorsill height
|
|
Height from ground to
aircraft doorsill.
|
|
Down time
|
|
The time an aircraft
is on the ground at an airport, except for when it is
undergoing turnaround. Also colloquially a term for the
time of landing.
|
|
Dry lease
|
|
See lease, dry.
|
|
Dry rate
|
|
Cost, normally per
month, of a dry lease. See lease, dry.
|
|
Duty Free
|
|
Regime of goods
available only to passengers on airside where goods are
priced without a country's duty on condition they are
exported with the passenger.
|
|
Duty-free allowance
|
|
Traditionally this is
the amount in monetary value or actual quantity
available to individual qualifying international
passengers. These goods are only available airside or,
increasing, in flight.
|
|
Dwell-time
|
|
Time spent at an
airport by would-be passengers between check-in and
departure.
|
|
|
|
|
|
E-GPWS
|
|
Enhanced Ground
Proximity Warning System.
|
|
Embarkation
|
|
The entry of an
aircraft by crew or passengers.
|
|
Emergency power unit
|
|
Power-producing part
of aircraft not used for propulsion.
|
|
ER
|
|
Extended Range.
|
|
EROPS
|
|
See Extended Range
Twin (engine) Operations.
|
|
ETOPS
|
|
See Extended Twin
Over-water Passenger Preparations.
|
|
Extended Range Twin (engine) Operations
|
|
Sometimes referred to
as EROPS, this is a routing not more than given flight
time of 120 or 180 minutes from a useable alternative
airport.
|
|
Extended Twin Over-water Passenger Operations
|
|
The ability of an
aircraft to operate over large stretches of water, such
as the Pacific. Also known blackly by pilots as Engines
Turning or Passengers Swimming.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ferry range
|
|
See Range, ferry.
|
|
First responders-Awareness
|
|
See Hazmat emergency
response.
|
|
First responders-Operations
|
|
See Hazmat emergency
response.
|
|
Flight crew
|
|
See Crew, flight.
|
|
Floor bearing
|
|
Maximum weight the
aircraft floor can bear.
|
|
Floor load
|
|
Static and dynamic
loads imposed by the payload.
|
|
FOD
|
|
Foreign object
damage.
|
|
FRA
|
|
See Hazmat emergency
response.
|
|
Free airport
|
|
See Airport, free.
|
|
Freedoms
|
|
There are ten
international aviation freedoms:
i) First freedom: To over-fly one country en-route to another.
ii) Second freedom: To make a technical stop in another
country.
iii) Third freedom: To carry passengers/cargo from the
home country to another.
iv) Fourth freedom: To carry passengers/cargo to the
home country from another.
v) Fifth freedom: To carry passengers/cargo between two
countries by an airline of a third on a route with
origin/destination in its home country
vi) Sixth freedom: To carry passengers/cargo between two
countries by an airline of a third on two routes
connecting in its home country.
vii) Seventh freedom: To carry passengers/cargo between
two countries by an airline of a third on a route
outside its home country.
viii) Eighth freedom or Cabotage: To carry
passengers/cargo within a country by an airline of
another country on a route with origin/destination in
its home country.
ix) Ninth freedom or Stand-Alone Cabotage: To carry
passengers/cargo within a country by an airline of
another country.
x) True Domestic: To carry passengers/cargo by an
airline within its home country.
|
|
Freeport
|
|
See FTZ-Free Trade
Zone.
|
|
Freight door
|
|
See Cargo door.
|
|
Freight hub
|
|
See Hub, freight.
|
|
Freighter aircraft
|
|
See Aircraft,
freighter.
|
|
FRO
|
|
See Hazmat emergency
response.
|
|
FTZ-Free Trade Zone
|
|
An industrial area in
which manufactures are permitted to import raw materials
or semi-assemblies for manufacturing purposes which,
provides they leave the zone by air to a point outside
the territory of the country, do not incur import
duties.
|
|
Fuel burn
|
|
Rate at which fuel is
burnt during a flight, normally given in tones per hour.
This is a vital element in the cost of chartering or
operating a freighter aircraft.
|
|
Fuel capacity
|
|
Fuel available for
propulsion.
|
|
Fuel consumption
|
|
See specific fuel
consumption.
|
|
Fuel farm
|
|
Term used to describe
location of tanks holding aviation fuel at an airport.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gate
|
|
A point of access to
the apron from the terminal at an airport.
|
|
Gate hold procedure
|
|
A procedure to hold
aircraft at the gate or other ground location whenever
departures are expected to be delayed by more than five
minutes.
|
|
Gateway airport
|
|
See Airport, gateway.
|
|
GPU-Ground Power Unit
|
|
Equipment used to
power an aircraft to run vital services while stationary
on the ground.
|
|
Green Aircraft
|
|
See Aircraft, green.
|
|
Greeters and Weepers
|
|
Colloquial name for
people waiting landside for incoming passengers and
seeing off passengers.
|
|
Ground crew
|
|
See Crew, ground.
|
|
Ground support equipment
|
|
All the handling
facilities employed to service an aircraft at an
airport-such as tractors, steps, fuelling tanks, food
and cleaning supplies.
|
|
Ground visibility
|
|
Prevailing horizontal
visibility near the earth's surface as reported by an
accredited observer.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hangar
|
|
See aircraft hangar.
|
|
Hazardous goods
|
|
Another term for
dangerous goods. Also known as Hazardous material. See
dangerous goods.
|
|
Hazardous Materials On-scene Incident Commander
|
|
See Hazmat emergency
response.
|
|
Hazardous Materials Specialist
|
|
See Hazmat emergency
response.
|
|
Hazardous Materials Technician
|
|
See Hazmat emergency
response team.
|
|
Hazchem
|
|
International warning
panel designed to alert as to the dangers,
characteristics and appropriate accident response to
hazardous chemicals and liquids.
|
|
Hazmat
|
|
Another term for
hazardous material.
|
|
Hazmat emergency response
|
|
There are five levels
of response to a Hazmat incident recognized by the FAA;
i) First Responders-Awareness (FRA)- Trained individuals able to
recognize when a Hazmat incident has occurred or could
potentially occur and alert the appropriate authorities.
They do not deal with an incident.
ii) First Responders-Operations (FRO)- Trained
individuals able to contain a Hazmat spillage or
incident, to prevent it spreading and prevent exposure.
They do not deal with an incident.
iii) Hazardous Materials Technician (HMT)- Trained
individuals able to aggressively respond to a spillage
or potential spillage in order to stop it. They will
approach the point of release in order to plug, patch or
otherwise close it. They receive an extra 24 hours of
training beyond an FRO.
iv) Hazardous Materials Specialist (HMS)- Trained
individuals also able to respond aggressively to a
spillage or potential spillage, but with a
specialization training in particular aspects of
responses, such as chlorine releases. They receive an
extra 24 hours of training beyond an FRO.
v) Hazardous Materials on-scene incident commander
(HMOIC)- Person in overall command of all activities
during an emergency response. Can also co-ordinate
resources outside the airline.
vi) Hazmat emergency response team- Personnel trained in
the proper procedures to deal with an incident, an
accident or potential accident, involving hazardous
material.
|
|
High density rule
|
|
US government
regulation which caps operations at Washington National,
New York's LaGuardia and JFK and Chicago O'Hare
airports.
|
|
HMOIC
|
|
See Hazmat emergency
response.
|
|
HMS
|
|
See Hazmat emergency
response.
|
|
HMT
|
|
See Hazmat emergency
response.
|
|
Hub-and-spoke
|
|
An airline's
operation, which utilizes major services to connect key
hub airports, with minor services then connecting with
minor destinations unable to support major services
themselves in terms of traffic.
|
|
Hub, freight
|
|
An airport used,
normally by an integrator or scheduled freight airline,
to sort and disperse goods through its network from
incoming flights. Can also be accessed by road services
operated by the airline or its agents. A hub can be an
exclusive freight-only airport or a facility at a
general airport.
|
|
Hub, passenger
|
|
An airport used to
permit passengers to transfer to a second flight to
reach a final destination. See Hub-and-Spoke.
|
|
Hull insurance
|
|
See insurance.
|
|
Hush-kit
|
|
Device to limit noise
levels produced by aircraft engines. See chapter III.
|
|
Hush kitting
|
|
To fit a hush-kit on
an existing engine.
|
|
|
|
|
|
IAPA International Airline Passenger Association
Organization
|
|
With the aim of
promoting safety in airline travel, improving passenger
handling and comfort
|
|
IATA International Air Transport Association
Organization
|
|
Whose aims are to
promote safe, regular and economical air transport as
well as providing means of collaboration among
international air transport companies. Its specialist
publication function established published standards for
the handling of dangerous goods and livestock by air.
|
|
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
|
|
A UN agency charged
with the objective to develop the principles and
techniques of international air navigation and to foster
planning and development of international civil air
transport.
|
|
Igloo
|
|
Bottomless shell made
of fiberglass, metal etc, conforming to aircraft
dimensions, produced to cover the maximum useable area
of a pallet to which it is secured in flight.
|
|
ILS Instrument Landing Systems
|
|
Aids for an
instrument approach to an airport.
|
|
Insurance
|
|
There are four main
types of insurance involved with most common air
freighter operations matters.
i) Hull insurance- This is taken out by the owner of the
aircraft in order to protect his investment against
damage to, or loss of, the aircraft itself. A charterer
should never be involved with this as it is usually the
responsibility of the owner, and its premiums should be
already included in any charter or lease price.
ii) Third party liability- This is to protect the owner
or operator against claims that may be made by other
people, for example if the undercarriage damaged the
roof of a house when the aircraft was landing, or if the
wingtip hit another aircraft while maneuvering on the
ground. Once again, it is the owner's responsibility to
provide this cover all the time his crews are flying the
aircraft. However, on dry leases the owner may not want
to be responsible for events, which take place, while
the aircraft is under someone else's control, so in that
case the third party may be required to provide cover.
Amounts of liability that third party insurance covers
can be substantial.
iii) War Risk insurance- This is applied by insurance
companies and underwriters if the aircraft intends to
operate into countries or areas considered by them to be
dangerous. If the aircraft operates to these areas
without the additional war-risk cover, then the Hull and
Third-party cover may become invalid. And thus the whole
operation becomes illegal. The cover can be taken out
for a specific period, or on a per flight basis.
iv) Cargo insurance- International regulations demand
that an airline will provide insurance cover for all
cargo carried on its aircraft, up to a specified limit.
This limit is set by the Warsaw convention, and the
cargo liability currently stands at US$20 per kilogram
of cargo carried it applies throughout the entire period
during which the cargo is in the care of that airline
and covers theft, damage, loss or total destruction in
the event of an accident. If a customer feels its cargo
deserves a higher rate of cover than US$20 per kilo,
then it is their responsibility to take out that
additional insurance.
|
|
Integrator
|
|
A non-common-carrier
freight service controlled by a published timetable and
operating to a network of stations exclusively to its
own benefit and providing liveried vehicles and staff to
manage the entire transport of the consignment.
|
|
International airport
|
|
See Airport,
international.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Landside
|
|
Those parts of an
airport not considered airside. Access is open to all
persons legally entitled to be at an airport, subject to
local and national laws.
|
|
Large aircraft (US)
|
|
Aircraft over
12,500lbs maximum certificated take-off weight.
|
|
Lease, ACMI
|
|
Aircraft, Crew,
Maintenance and insurance lease.
|
|
Lease, dry
|
|
Lease of an aircraft
without flight crew. Sometimes called a Bare Hull
Charter. It is the lease of the aircraft only, without
crew. In this case, the lessee has to supply his own
crew (with all the associated costs), provide all his
own maintenance, and obtain own insurance coverage. It
is normally charged at a fixed rate per month, plus an
hourly charge for engine overhauls or replacements, and
major checks.
|
|
Lease, wet
|
|
Hire of aircraft from
another carrier or leaser complete with flight crew,
where major servicing is carried out by the owner but
with hirer's logo and insignia temporarily applied.
|
|
LEL
|
|
See Lower Explosive
Limit.
|
|
Liberalization
|
|
Political and
economic trend to remove regulatory and legal barriers
to any given airport or airline operation. Common
examples include 'Open Skies' agreements, breaking of
monopolies in service provision, authority to start
airlines in competition to established carriers,
allowing foreign carriers to provide cabotage between on
routes between domestic airports. See Privatization.
|
|
Load classification number
|
|
A number defining the
load-carrying capacity of the paved areas of an airport
without cracking or permanent deflection.
|
|
Load factor
|
|
Revenue ton-miles
(RTM) preformed as a percentage of RTM available.
|
|
Load factor (SI)
|
|
Revenue tonne-kms
(RTK) performed as a percent age of RTK available.
|
|
Load manifest
|
|
Detailed inventory of
load on the aircraft.
|
|
Load range
|
|
See Range, load.
|
|
Loading chart
|
|
Chart displaying
correct locations of cargo in transport aircraft.
|
|
Loading contour
|
|
Maximum aircraft
envelope for the purposes of stowage inside the
aircraft, having taken into account the required
clearance between the aircraft wall and the load. See
Maximum aircraft envelope.
|
|
Loading diagram
|
|
Detailed plan of
cargo floor and under-floor holds on which responsible
officer marks position and masses of all cargo and final
center of gravity position.
|
|
Local time
|
|
The time at any
airport using the time zone appropriate to the location
of the airport.
|
|
Lounge
|
|
See Passenger
departure lounge.
|
|
Lower deck
|
|
See deck, lower.
|
|
Lower Explosive Limit (LEL)
|
|
This is the lowest
point at which enough vapors have been released from a
given hazardous liquid to cause a fire when in contact
with an ignition source.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Main deck
|
|
See deck, main.
|
|
Main runway
|
|
Runway most used for
take-off and landings.
|
|
Maximum aircraft envelope
|
|
Maximum space
available in the interior of the aircraft, less a given
tolerance, from the manufacturer's specifications.
|
|
MLW
|
|
Maximum landing
weight.
|
|
Movement area
|
|
Runways, taxiways and
other areas of an airport outlined for taxiing, take-off
and landing of aircraft, exclusive of loading ramps and
parking areas.
|
|
MRW
|
|
Maximum ramp weight.
|
|
MTOW
|
|
Maximum take of
weight (MRW minus taxi and run-up fuel).
|
|
Multi-Airport System
|
|
An airport operator
/authority managing more than one airport within the
same metropolitan area.
|
|
MZFW
|
|
Maximum Zero Fuel
Weight (MTOW minus useable fuel and other consumables).
|
|
|
|
|
|
NAFTA
|
|
See North American
free trade association.
|
|
Navaid
|
|
Navigational aids,
especially electronic, situated at airports. Typical
examples include Airport Rotating Beacon; DME Distance
Measuring equipment; SDF Simplified Directional
Facility; LDA Location Distance Available; LOC ILS
Localizer; PAPI Precision Approach Path Indicator
system; REIL Runway End Identification Light; SID
Standard Instrument Departure; TACAN Tactical Air
Navigation; VASI Visual Approach Slope Indicator; VOR
VHF Omni Range; VORTAC, where VOR and TACAN aids are
located together at an airport Navaid classes VOR, TACAN
and VORTAC aids are classed according to operational use
of airports – t=terminal, l=low altitude; h=high
altitude.
|
|
Nocturnal
|
|
Operations between
hours of sunset and sunrise.
|
|
Noise abatement climb
|
|
Means of flying an
aircraft from an airport so as to climb rapidly until
the built-up area is reached and thereafter reducing
power to maintain climb until the area is over-flown or
5,000 ft is reached.
|
|
Noise footprint
|
|
The contour beneath
an aircraft of constant noise level measured in
decibels.
|
|
Noise restrictions
|
|
Laws concerning
permitted noise levels at airports aimed at preventing
disturbance to local residents, most widely felt by
aircraft operators who must reduce noise levels from
aircraft and airports which are restricting the type of
aircraft able to land. Some airports are actively
marketing the lack of noise restrictions as a user
benefit. See chapter III.
|
|
Noise restrictions local
|
|
National and
international laws concerning permitted noise levels at
airports.
|
|
North American Free Trade Association
|
|
Association of USA,
Canada and Mexico to promote a free trade area between
the three countries similar to the EU.
|
|
NOTAM
|
|
Notice containing
information essential to airport personnel connected
with flight operations.
|
|
|
|
|
|
OEW
|
|
Operating Empty
Weight.
|
|
Out-of-gauge
|
|
Description of cargo
exceeding standard dimensions.
|
|
Out-station
|
|
See station.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pallet
|
|
See Aircraft pallet.
|
|
Parallel runways
|
|
See Runways,
parallel.
|
|
Passenger
|
|
A person, other than
a crew member, destined to fly from an airport, either
fare-paying or non-fare-paying.
|
|
Passenger charter
|
|
Aircraft hired to fly
(normally) non-IATA regulated seasonal or ad hoc
services. These services are closely associated with
high volume, low yield passenger business to holiday
destinations. See Airport, charter.
|
|
Passenger, charter
|
|
Passenger flying on a
non-scheduled ticket.
|
|
Passenger check-in
|
|
The location where a
passenger presents a valid air ticket and is booked as
flying.
|
|
Passenger departure lounge
|
|
Area of an airport
airside where passengers are held prior to boarding a
scheduled or charter aircraft before commencing their
journey. Can also be an area exclusive to ticket holders
of a specific airline or class of travel.
|
|
Passenger handling agent
|
|
An agent appointed by
an airline to provide check-in, baggage handling,
specialist passenger assistance and flight information
at an airport. See Self-handling.
|
|
Passenger hub
|
|
See Hub, passenger.
|
|
Passenger loading bridges
|
|
Equipment connecting
terminal building to aircraft doors to allow passengers
to board and leave aircraft.
|
|
Passenger, scheduled service
|
|
Service operated by
airline conforming to a published schedule.
|
|
Passenger, transit
|
|
Passengers arriving
from a first country who remain airside at an airport
prior to an international flight to a third country. Not
subject to passport or immigration procedures.
|
|
Payload
|
|
Disposable load
generating revenue. Also known as cargo payload.
|
|
Port
|
|
On left hand side of
an aircraft looking towards the front.
|
|
Privatization
|
|
Disposal of state
assets such as airports to the private sector. Airport
privatizations are limited but growing in popularity.
Examples include some British and recent Australian
airport operations.
|
|
|
|
|
|
QC
|
|
Designation used to
indicate the ability of an aircraft to be changed
quickly from passenger to cargo use and vice versa.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ramp
|
|
Area where servicing
and boarding of aircraft is possible.
|
|
Ramp equipment operations
|
|
Operations
responsible for providing ground support equipment to
aircraft, such as supply of drinking water and cleaning
services.
|
|
Ramp weight
|
|
Maximum weight of
aircraft at start of flight (MTOW plus taxi and run-up
fuel).
|
|
Range
|
|
Distance an aircraft
can fly or is permitted to fly with a specified load and
(usually) after making allowances for specified
maneuvers such as diversions, stand-off, go-around. Etc.
|
|
Range, ferry
|
|
Range an aircraft can
fly empty between one point and another.
|
|
Range, load
|
|
Range an aircraft can
fly while carrying payload.
|
|
Rapid exit taxiway
|
|
Taxiway connected to
a runway at an acute angle are achieved on other
taxiways, thereby minimizing runway occupancy times. See
Taxiway.
|
|
Rear cargo door
|
|
See cargo door, rear.
|
|
RFS
|
|
See road feeder
service.
|
|
Road feeder service
|
|
A service offered by
a scheduled cargo operator to move goods to and from the
aircraft and/or terminal by road service. Allows a
carrier to offer services to a city to which they do not
fly aircraft. Some such devices are allocated an airline
flight number.
|
|
RIV-Rapid Intervention Vehicle
|
|
An emergency vehicle
intended to provide an effective means of fire
suppression pending the arrival of major fire accident
units.
|
|
RTK
|
|
Revenue tonne-kms.
See load factor.
|
|
RTM
|
|
Revenue tone-miles.
See load factor.
|
|
Runway
|
|
A defined rectangular
area on a land airport prepared for the landing and
take-off run of aircraft along its length. Normally
numbered in relation to their magnetic direction,
rounded off to the nearest 10 degree; for example,
runway 18 would be referred to as runway 20.
|
|
Runway crossing procedure
|
|
Procedures to be
followed by aircraft and ground vehicles required to
cross active runways following instructions issued by
the ground movement controller.
|
|
Runway end safety area
|
|
An area symmetrical
about the extended runway centerline and adjacent to the
end of the strip meant to reduce damage to an aircraft
in the event of that aircraft in the event of that
aircraft undershooting or over-running the runway.
|
|
Runway in use
|
|
Any runway or runways
being used for take-offs or landing. When multiple
runways are used, they are all considered active
runways.
|
|
Runway lighting
|
|
Typical runway
lighting systems are:
I) Center lightning - flush centerline lights spaced at intervals;
II) Edge limits - lights having a prescribed angle used
to define the lateral limits of a runway;
III) Guard lights - provided at taxiways on access
points to prevent inadvertent incursion by aircraft and
vehicles.
|
|
Runway, main
|
|
See Main runway.
|
|
Runway markings
|
|
All-weather markings
on runways served by non-visual precision approach aids
and on runways having special operational requirements.
|
|
Runway markings, basic
|
|
Markings used for
operations when visual flight rules consist of
centerline marking and runway direction numbers.
|
|
Runway markings, instrument
|
|
Markings on runways
served by non-visual navigation aids, intended for
landing under instrument weather conditions.
|
|
Runway threshold
|
|
The usable limit of a
runaway.
|
|
Runway visibility by observer
|
|
Horizontal distance
at which light of about 25 candle power at night or a
dark object against the horizon in the daytime can be
seen by an observer near the end of the runway.
|
|
Runways, parallel
|
|
Two or more runways
at the same airport whose centerlines are parallel. In
addition to numbers, such runways are designated L
(Left), R (Right); for three runways. L(Left); R (Right)
and C (Centre).
|
|
RVR - Runway Visual Range
|
|
In bad weather the
horizontal distance at which black and white markers of
standard size are visible, the figure being transmitted
by ATC to pilots.
|
|
|
|
|
|
SCD
|
|
See cargo door, side.
|
|
Scheduled freight carrier
|
|
A common-carrier
freight service controlled by a published timetable and
operating to a network of stations.
|
|
Scheduled freight service
|
|
A common-carrier
freight service controlled by a published timetable and
operating to a network of stations.
|
|
Scheduled service, passenger
|
|
See Passenger,
scheduled service.
|
|
Schevengen agreement
|
|
European Union
agreement where certain EU countries allow travelers to
move between their countries with absolutely no border
controls. Not all EU countries are signatories. See
Border controls.
|
|
Scissor lift
|
|
Platform for loading
cargo, containers, etc by means of cross arms jointed in
the middle to take the appearance of scissors.
|
|
Security
|
|
Combination of
measures and human and material resources intended to
safeguard civil aviation against acts of unlawful
interference.
|
|
Self-handling
|
|
When an airline
performs a task, such as check-in and ground handling,
for which service providers make an alternative
available.
|
|
Serious injury
|
|
Sustained by a person
at an airport in an accident which requires
hospitalization for more than 48 hours within seven days
of injury; results in fractures of any bone, except
simple fracture; involves lacerations; involves injury
to internal organs; involves second or third degree
burns; involves exposure to infectious substances or
injurious radiation.
|
|
Short take off and landing
|
|
See STOL.
|
|
Shuttle bus
|
|
Landside bus
connecting outlying terminals in a multi-terminal
airport, car parks to terminal buildings or operating
between terminals and hotels.
|
|
Skin
|
|
External covering of
an aircraft's structure.
|
|
Small aircraft (UK)
|
|
Aircraft between
17,000 kgs and 40,000 kgs.
|
|
Small aircraft (US)
|
|
Aircraft tare-weight
12,500 lbs or less, maximum certificated take-off
weight.
|
|
Specific fuel consumption
|
|
Rate at which fuel is
consumed divided by power and thrust developed-this
becomes a measure of engine efficiency. It is also used
as a basis for the hiring charge for the aircraft.
|
|
Split charter
|
|
See charter, split.
|
|
Stand alone cabotage
|
|
See freedoms.
|
|
Starboard
|
|
On the right hand
side of an aircraft looking towards the front.
|
|
Station
|
|
An airport in an
airline's network other than main network airport. Can
also be known as an out-station.
|
|
STOL
|
|
Short take off and
landing characteristic aircraft requiring shorter than
normal runway lengths.
|
|
Stop and go
|
|
Procedure where an
aircraft will land make a complete stop on the runway
and commence take-off from that point.
|
|
Stop for non-traffic purposes
|
|
A landing for any
purpose other than taking on or discharging passengers,
cargo or mail.
|
|
Stop, technical
|
|
A planned landing for
the re-fueling of an aircraft.
|
|
Stopway
|
|
Defined rectangular
area at the end of the take-off run available, prepared
and designated as a suitable area in which an aircraft
can be stopped in the event of a discontinued take-off
or overrun landing procedure.
|
|
Stores
|
|
Articles loaded on to
an aircraft at an airport of a readily consumable nature
for use or sale during flight, including commissary
supplies.
|
|
Strip
|
|
An area of specified
dimensions enclosing a runway and taxiway to provide for
the safety of aircraft operations.
|
|
Supplemental capacity
|
|
Capacity hired by an
airline from a supplemental carrier or other aviation
source.
|
|
Supplemental carrier
|
|
A carrier offering
capacity which a scheduled carrier can hire to
supplement its capacity during peak periods.
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Surface movement guidance and control systems
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For use under low
visibility conditions at larger airports. Pilot
self-interpreted system may consist of selectively
operated taxiway lights and warning and stop signs.
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Surface Movement Radar
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SMR's role in Europe
not yet covered by IACO provisions.
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Surface visibility (US)
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Visibility observed
from eye-level above the ground.
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Taxi
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Movement of an
aircraft under its own power at an airport.
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Taxiway
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Defined path
established for taxiing of aircraft, providing a link
between parts of an airport. See Apron Taxiway, Rapid
Exit taxi-way.
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Taxiway lighting
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Typical taxiway
lighting systems are:
i) Taxi-holding position lights;
ii) Taxiway stop bars.
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TBO
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Time between
overhauls.
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TCAS II
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The most advanced
version of Traffic Alert and collision Avoidance system.
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Technical stop
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see stop, technical.
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Terminal
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A building on an
airport which links airside and landside, through which
passengers embarking and disembarking pass, and
appropriate airports services are available. Also a
building on an airport where air cargo being flown or
received is stored, customs examination is possible,
consolidations built up or broken down and/or cargo is
transshipped to another destination.
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Terminal capacity
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The number of
passengers per hour, which is influenced by movement
rates through various junctions such as security,
customs, immigration.
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Tie-down diagram
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Diagram showing the
planned method of securing particular types and items of
cargo in flight.
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Tie-down point
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Mechanism designed to
secure pallets or containers in flight.
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Time slot
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A period of time
allocated to an aircraft to take off.
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TOGW
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Take off gross
weight.
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Touch and go
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When an aircraft land
and departs on a runway without stopping exiting the
runway.
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Touchdown
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The point at which an
aircraft first makes contact with the landing surface.
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Touchdown Zone
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The first 3,000ft of
the runway beginning at the threshold.
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Touchdown Zone elevation
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The highest elevation
in the first 3,000ft of the landing surface.
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Tow tractor
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See aircraft tow
tractor.
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Traffic pattern
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Traffic flow
prescribed for aircraft landing at, taxiing on or taking
off from an airport.
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Transit passenger
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See Passenger,
transit.
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Transit Zone
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Area where cargo
arriving from a first country which remains airside at
an airport prior to an international flight to a third
country. Not subject to customs.
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Transporter
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A self-propelled
vehicle equipped with a powered roller platform for
hauling ULDs between the cargo terminal and the loader
at the aircraft and vice versa.
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Truck mounted stairs
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Stairs mounted on a
truck capable of being moved to an aircraft's side to
facilitate passenger boarding or leaving.
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Turnaround
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Time between the
moment aircraft engines are stopped at the terminal or
ramp, ground support operations completed and next load
of passengers and/or cargo is loaded and engines started
for next flight.
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ULD-Unit load device
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A standard-sized
aircraft container unit used to facilitate rapid loading
and unloading of aircraft having compatible handling and
restraint systems.
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UN Number
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Four-digit number
assigned to dangerous substances or group of substances
by the United Nations to facilitate safer handling. See
Dangerous goods.
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Unit load
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A number of items of
cargo in a single box or container or loading on a
pallet.
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Usability factor
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Percentage of time
during which use of a runway or system of runway is not
restricted by cross wind component. See Cross wind
component.
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Useable fuel
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Total mass of fuel
consumable in flight; usually some 95%-98% of total
capacity.
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Useful load
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Payload plus useable
fuel.
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Utility tug
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A vehicle used for
towing baggage carts or trailers between passenger or
cargo terminals and the aircraft.
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Water equivalent
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Depth of surface
water the would result from the melting of ice and snow
at an airport.
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Wet lease
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See lease, wet.
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Zero fuel weight
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See aircraft weight.
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